Specialization and Economic Organization Scale †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Specialization and Economic Organization Scale. Answer: Presentation Throughout the years, the monetary examples in the worldwide situation have experienced critical elements and changes attributable to the expanding incorporation and comprehensiveness of the economies of the nations over the various pieces of the world. A lot of these elements in the financial exercises can be ascribed to the worldwide wonders like Globalization and Liberalization of a large portion of the economies and their business segments, which have helped in setting up business relations between various nations (Holland, 2018). Exchange has created with time, which thusly has prompted improvement and flourishment of various ventures in various nations and has helped in making various organizations going worldwide. There are a few components which have significant ramifications on these creation and exchanging exercises of the countries, in this manner impactsly affecting the improvement of the economies of these nations. One of such factors vital is famously known as the idea of Economies of Scale in the hypothetical system of financial matters (Polkinghorn, 2016). Mulling over this the concerned article attempts to examine the idea of economies of scale in the light of the hypothetical structure of financial aspects, in this manner talking about the genuine use of the equivalent in the worldwide monetary situation and the commitment of the equivalent in the monetary development and improvement of various locales over the world with time. As talked about above, financial aspects, as a different area itself, has significant pertinence and suggestions on the genuine monetary situations of the world overall and on the nations in explicit. One of such monetary standard is known as the economies of scale. There exist various clarifications and meanings of the term, which have additionally changed with time. Nonetheless, the most complete clarification of the term is that it alludes to the points of interest as far as cost of creation, which a maker or a firm appreciates with increment in the degree of yield with time (Carlino, 2012). To comprehend the idea of economies of scale and how it functions it is essential to think about the structure of the expense of creation of merchandise and enterprises which is generally brought about by the organization. There are typically two kinds of expenses brought about by a firm while completing the creation exercises (Baumol Blinder, 2015). These expenses are: Fixed expense There are a few costs which are brought about by the makers in their creation procedure, which don't rely upon the quantity of units of yield delivered by the organization. These expenses stay steady as a rule however an important scope of creation. Instances of such expenses are lease, apparatuses, plants and comparable different elements of creation. Variable cost-These expenses acquired by the organizations in their creation forms rely upon the quantity of units of yield delivered by the organizations. As a rule, the variable expense of creation increment with the expansion in the creation of yields, the pace of progress fluctuating with time. The essential instances of variable expenses of creation are those of wages, cost of purchasing middle of the road materials and sources of info required for creation, utilities and comparable products (Hall Lieberman, 2012). Consequently, all out expense of creation of merchandise and enterprises can be appeared as follows: All out Cost (TC) = Total Fixed Cost (TFC)+Total Variable Cost (TVC) Along these lines, as the makers start with their creation exercises, at first the fixed expense of creation may appear to be high much of the time. In any case, with the expansion in the quantity of units of yield, the normal fixed expense continues diminishing (Harrison, 2017). This can be appeared with the assistance of the accompanying recipe: Normal Cost of Production (AC) = Total Cost (TC)/Total Quantity (Q) Hence, AC = (TFC/Q) + (TVC/Q) Air conditioning = AFC + AVC With the expansion in Q, TFC remining consistent, (TFC/Q) diminishes which infers that there is a decrease in the normal fixed expense of creation. The more noteworthy the amount of yield which is created by the providers, the lower is the normal fixed expense of creation. This reverse connection between the creation of yield and the normal fixed expense of creation offers ascend to a favorable position in the expense of creation, which is known as the Economies of Scale in the theoretical structure (Rader, 2014). Regularly, with the expansion underway, the normal variable expenses of creation likewise decline, attributable to the gained efficiencies in the operational structure with time. Accordingly, together these elements lead to fall in the normal expense of per unit of yield with the expansion in the creation of yield. This wonder is known as economies of scale or expanding comes back to scale underway (Varian, 2014). This can be appeared with the assistance of the accompanying figure, indicating the elements over the long haul normal expense of creation of the organizations: As can be seen from the above figure, in the underlying stage, with the expansion in the creation of yield the normal expense of creation falls, in this way prompting economies of scale. In any case, with all the things staying same, after some purpose of time, the expense of creation stays steady with the expansion in yield, trailed by a stage where the increment in the creation of yield prompts an expansion in the normal expense of creation once more, which monetary terms is known as the Diseconomies of Scale (Wiseman, 2014). Reasons for economies of scale There for the most part stays a few elements adding to the event of economies of scale in the creation procedure of an organization. A portion of the essential ones are examined as follows: Less expensive Materials-As the creation organizations continue expanding their business and creation, they set up long haul associations with the providers of the sources of info which are required for the creation of their items. This thus helps the makers in haggling better at the costs of the materials required for the creation of their wares. This thusly, brings down their expense of creation, subsequently adding to the economies of scale over the long haul (Balassa, 2013). Aptitudes of the work Efficiency of works is a central reason for the event of economies of scale in an organization. Organizations recruiting prepared work get the advantage of more elevated levels of creation and the expansion in the expense of the organizations in employing prepared works over undeveloped ones is more than repaid by the increment in the profitability which the firm encounters because of the association of the prepared works. This, along these lines, prompts the inception of economies of scale in the creation procedures of the organizations. Mechanical advancements With time there happens developments in the innovative parts of the creation procedure of the organizations. Consolidation of such better than ever advancements in the creation exercises either diminishes the expense of creation of every unit of item or builds the nature of the items delivered by the firm, in this way bringing about the economies of scale for the concerned firms (Yang Ng, 2015). Aside from these elements, different qualities like effective initiatives, legitimate support of money related resource use and solid gracefully chain the board can contribute in the development of economies of scale in the organizations. Sorts of economies of scale The marvel of economies of scale can be extensively grouped into two sorts, contingent upon the idea of the economies of scale and the purposes behind their event. These are as per the following: These two kinds of economies of scale and their attributes are talked about as follows: Inner Economies of Scale-This kind of economies of scale happen inside the firm itself, abstract to the cost focal points which the firm itself appreciates because of the extension of its size of creation. These favorable circumstances happen to the concerned firm, autonomously, independent of the activities and adjustments appreciated by different firms in a similar industry or in the business with linkages with the concerned firm. These economies of scale are profoundly emotional to the organizations encountering the equivalent and are not consequences of any sort of wide developments or changes in the structure of by and large creation forms (Economies of Scale - Definition, Types, Effects of Economies of Scale, 2018). The primary kinds of inside economies of scale are as per the following: Specialized Economies of Scale-A firm appreciates this kind of inside economies of scale by joining better innovations, better machines and creation expanding procedures, which drives an expansion in the creation and a synchronous reduction in the normal expense of creation. Economies of By-Products Usage-Often the results which turn out during the time spent creation of a ware can be utilized by the organizations for various purposes or are sold by the organizations to some different makers or shoppers, along these lines expanding the monetary points of interest of the creation of that specific item. Work Economies of Scale-There stays an enormous number of laborers in the creation procedure of huge firms, each having various kinds of gifts and aptitudes. Division of work duties and assignment of attempts to the works as indicated by their abilities can prompt specialization, which by sparing time and empowering innovations in various areas prompts a general expense of creation (Kemeny Storper, 2015). Economies of innovative work The creative demeanor of the innovative work groups present in the organizations regularly help them in building and actualizing imaginative procedures which help in cutting the expense of creation of merchandise and enterprises without settling on the characteristics. This thusly prompts the event of economies of scale. Outside Economies of Scale-These kinds of economies of scale allude to the cost focal points or different types of financial increases which are delighted in by all the organizations in a specific

Events in U.S.A History in 1799 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Occasions in U.S.A History in 1799 - Research Paper Example Significant corrections to the American constitution occurred during his rule (Henriques 148). To a great extent, the American culture recorded incredible changes in its political history following the climb and demise of President George Washington. Numerous recorded realities in American culture created from commitment of prestigious characters in the general public. Governmental issues and war are indivisible, much of the time, they would impact the out happen to occasions in the general public. The political framework received by the general public in a specific period would impact the result of occasions in the general public. For example, the mission for autonomy by the American late president George Washington changed the political history of the country. Social way of life of individuals in the general public would change when various lawmakers rise to control. Social changes brought by a government official in office would impact the lives of the individuals in the general p ublic. This paper expects to investigate the impacts of death president George Washington in 1799. Numerous chronicled distributions through books and articles give data with respect to many rumored political figures that acquired social or monetary changes the general public. Destruction of such political characters may lead the nation into shakiness. The passing of President George Washington carried numerous progressions to the political and social frameworks in America. Demise of George Washington affected the political arrangement of United States of America. In spite of the fact that he was thought to accomplish agreeably in a considerable lot of his approaches, a portion of the progressions affected by his replacements affected political condition of the nation decidedly. For example, Washington didn't care for arrangement of numerous ideological groups and advanced government belief system while he was a live (McMaster 326). His passing was a gift to the Militia Legion, whic h was against his government arrangement of administration. The Militia Legion accepted that, the nearness of George Washington advanced government approaches. History records that the Militia Legion regarded a factional legislative head of Pennsylvania, Thomas McKean (Koschnik 237). Volunteer army Legion acted in opposition to the desire for some individuals. The Republican wing followed national grieving content. Another striking occasion that occurred when George Washington kicked the bucket is joint grieving system that was driven by Republican volunteer army organizations. His passing prompted the premature birth of subjugation as he had begun in his will. The will showed the expectation of George Washington to abrogate subjugation and advance fairness among the American individuals. History specialist accepts that the demise of George Washington impacted the response of United States to Quasi War. The choice made by United States to take part in Quasi War was in opposition to the desires of President George Washington. George Washington affected the unbiased position that American took in dealing with the issues European clashes (Grizzard 111). Note that the European clash had an effect on United States strategically and financially. The prudent ties between United States of America and the western nations depended on serene conjunction among the nations. This central point impacted the choice of President George Washington. Political occasions, which occurred after his passing, regarded numerous political choices that he made while he was a live. For example, government administration framework didn't crumple. This prompted difference between the two warring group which later imperiled the solidarity of United States of America. Solidarity of the country was urgent on the grounds that it denoted the finish of domineering British system. Another significant zone that is important is job of solidarity in going of the rebellion demonstration.

My Time at Illinois in Photos

My Time at Illinois in Photos Im graduating. Im graduating in four days. And Im really excited because Nick Offerman is our Commencement speaker, and for a whole host of other reasons that have to do with that fact that Im about to earn a college degree! When college is at its most brutal, its hard to imagine getting to this point, so Im trying my best to enjoy  the weather and the sights these last few days. Its been a crazy, brilliant, too-speedy-quick four years. Heres my time at Illinois (in a handful of  photos): Jarlings is my favorite ice cream place in Champaign. Hit up a friend with a car or hop a bus and make the trip. Its worth it, if only for the lemon custard. A photo from summer 2016 at Japan House. Thats my good friend Taylor. We both spent a (very fun) summer here in Champaign-Urbana, working and exploring the area. Taken my first day of class this year in front of the Illini Union! SERIOUSLY feels like just yesterday. A throwback to freshman year, when I spent way too much time napping in the Illini Union. Public napping: a staple of college life. My actual Day 1, Megan. Megan and I met the first day of Allen Hall Orientation, and we cant seem to shake each other. Weve also been roommates for the past three years. I love her with all my heart! This is a pic from freshman year, too (you can tell from the lanyard around my neck). Two of my faves: the Admissions and Records Building (where Ive been Editorial Intern for the past year) and Cracked. Thats a Plan B, a super tasty veggie wrap. Andrew Bird is one of my favorite singer/songwriters, and he came to Canopy Club, a music venue that is located literally on campus. He was fantastic, and my friends and I even nabbed front row. Wandering through Rome (note the tiny, European car) in December 2015, following a semester spent as an exchange student in England. My memories from studying abroad are some of my best from college. A photo I snapped of my boyfriend while we were studying together in the Main Librarys Reading Room (my favorite study spot) a few weeks ago. Austen and I also met in Allen Hall, and hes been my partner in crime these past two years! This isnt the last youll be hearing from me, so look out! Maggie Class of 2017 After starting my time at Illinois Undeclared in the Division of General Studies, I’m majoring in English and Economics with a minor in Informatics from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’m from the relatively small town of Manhattan, Illinois.

My Time at Illinois in Photos

My Time at Illinois in Photos Im graduating. Im graduating in four days. And Im really excited because Nick Offerman is our Commencement speaker, and for a whole host of other reasons that have to do with that fact that Im about to earn a college degree! When college is at its most brutal, its hard to imagine getting to this point, so Im trying my best to enjoy  the weather and the sights these last few days. Its been a crazy, brilliant, too-speedy-quick four years. Heres my time at Illinois (in a handful of  photos): Jarlings is my favorite ice cream place in Champaign. Hit up a friend with a car or hop a bus and make the trip. Its worth it, if only for the lemon custard. A photo from summer 2016 at Japan House. Thats my good friend Taylor. We both spent a (very fun) summer here in Champaign-Urbana, working and exploring the area. Taken my first day of class this year in front of the Illini Union! SERIOUSLY feels like just yesterday. A throwback to freshman year, when I spent way too much time napping in the Illini Union. Public napping: a staple of college life. My actual Day 1, Megan. Megan and I met the first day of Allen Hall Orientation, and we cant seem to shake each other. Weve also been roommates for the past three years. I love her with all my heart! This is a pic from freshman year, too (you can tell from the lanyard around my neck). Two of my faves: the Admissions and Records Building (where Ive been Editorial Intern for the past year) and Cracked. Thats a Plan B, a super tasty veggie wrap. Andrew Bird is one of my favorite singer/songwriters, and he came to Canopy Club, a music venue that is located literally on campus. He was fantastic, and my friends and I even nabbed front row. Wandering through Rome (note the tiny, European car) in December 2015, following a semester spent as an exchange student in England. My memories from studying abroad are some of my best from college. A photo I snapped of my boyfriend while we were studying together in the Main Librarys Reading Room (my favorite study spot) a few weeks ago. Austen and I also met in Allen Hall, and hes been my partner in crime these past two years! This isnt the last youll be hearing from me, so look out! Maggie Class of 2017 After starting my time at Illinois Undeclared in the Division of General Studies, I’m majoring in English and Economics with a minor in Informatics from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’m from the relatively small town of Manhattan, Illinois.

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini - Book Review

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is one of the best books I have read in years. This is a page turner with complex characters and situations that will make you think hard about friendship, good and evil, betrayal, and redemption. It is intense and contains some graphic scenes; however, it is not gratuitous. A great book by many measures. Reading The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini On one level, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is the story of two boys in Afghanistan and Afghan immigrants in America. It is a story set in a culture that has become of increasing interest to Americans since the September 11, 2001, attacks. It also explores the history of the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan. On this level, it provides a good way for people to learn more about Afghan history and culture in the context of the story. Looking at The Kite Runner as a story about culture, however, misses what the book is really about. This is a novel about humanity. This is a story about friendship, loyalty, cruelty, longing for acceptance, redemption, and survival. The core story could be set in any culture because it deals with issues that are universal. The Kite Runner looks at how the main character, Amir, deals with a secret in his past and how that secret shaped who he became. It tells of Amirs childhood friendship with Hassan, his relationship with his father and growing up in a privileged place in society. I was drawn in by Amirs voice. I sympathized with him, cheered for him and felt angry with him at different points. Similarly, I became attached to Hassan and his father. The characters became real to me, and it was difficult for me to put the book down and leave their world. I highly recommend this book, especially for book clubs. For those of you who are not in a reading group, read it and then loan it to a friend. You are going to want to talk about it when you finish.

Discovering One s Purpose Of Life Can Be A Long, And...

Discovering one’s purpose in life can be a long, and adventurous journey. â€Å"The mystery of human existence lies not just in staying alive, but finding something to live for.† This quote by Fyodor Dostoyevsky is one that I base the foundation of my life’s purpose on. It pushes me to ponder on questions like what is my purpose in life? What was I put on this earth to accomplished? Who do I want people to remember me as? It was not until I began taking my New Student Experience class that I decided to find the answers to these questions. My personal goal is to find happiness in life and in everything I do by having a lasting impact on people, their lives and on the world. My educational goal is to get into one of the top medical schools in the U.S. to practice Obstetrics and Gynecology. Last, but not least, I would love to continue my career with an employer and a company that allows growth opportunities, the use of my skills, talents, and beliefs to help peopl e achieve their personal goals in life. As a result of defining my purpose, I have felt a new sense of clarity. If you re happy and you know it clap your hands. Growing up, we were always taught to embrace and celebrate the sentiment of happiness. Being happy does not only provide a fulfilled life, but it also results in healthier relationships. Although the definition of happiness can vary from an individual to another, there are always ways in which we can work towards having positive emotions. My personal goal isShow MoreRelatedAvoiding The Possessive Shadow Of Society1851 Words   |  8 Pagesthe world to live after the world s opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.† (Emerson 1) Being one’s self in today’s society is increasingly difficult every year and can have a major effect on the mental state of teenagers. It is easy to follow the pack, but then one is just a faceless person marching in with the crowd with no true purpose; true strengt h is in those who tryRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer4187 Words   |  17 Pagescredible source that brings new insight, tenacity, and style to the art of journalism. Setting: Following the impulses of his romantic notions, Christopher McCandless finds himself ill-equipped in the Alaskan winter of 1992. A far cry from the â€Å"good life,† the terrain is â€Å"no picnic† with its â€Å"big and fast† rivers and â€Å"mosquitoes [that] eat [people] alive† (4-5). Within the forest lies the abandoned remains of a Faribanks City Transit System bus, an ominous reminder of what once was when man lived onRead MoreHow Fa Has the Use of English Language Enriched or Disrupted Life and Culture in Mauritius15928 Words   |  64 Pagesafterlife. The events she describes are of course fictional and unknowable, but the multiple changes in pacing of the poem, as well as the changing nature of the carriage (stationary and in motion), indicates the poet’s unwillingness to make a decision one way or another. At several times in the poem, Dickenson changes the pace of the reading. 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My overarching goal for life is to live in and teach others how to grow in the hope that comes from the redemption provided by Jesus Christ. (2 Timothy 3:16-17; Ephesians 1:7) I will be using the solution-based, short-term pastoral counseling model based on Kollar’s (2011) Solution-FocusedRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. 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It has dozens of simple tricks that any person and any team can use today to discover the new ideas that solve the important problemsRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesOptions 33 Retirement 33 Unemployment 34 Table 36 Employed Population: 2005-2009 34 Table 37 Employed Population: 2010-2020 34 Table 38 Unemployed Population: 2005-2009 34 Table 39 Unemployed Population: 2010-2020 35 Learning 35 School Life 35 University Life 36 Adult Learning 37 Table 40 School Students: 2005-2009 37 Table 41 Higher Education Students: 2005-2009 38 Eating (including Soft Drinks) 38 Shopping for Food and Drinks 38 Dining in 40 Dining Out 40 Cafà © Culture 40 Table 42 ConsumerRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesdifferent institutional arenas: the academic, of course, but also those of the profession and the wider public sphere. Ever helpful to regulators, the senior civil service, and international agencies, Michael Bromwich is respected for the ways in which he can combine conceptual understandings with pragmatic insights. He has been sought out to provide that extra element of conceptual clarity for the most complex of practical accounting endeavours. No doubt such abilities reflect Michael’s early grounding

The World s First Atomic Bomb - 2572 Words

What started out as a secret, yet modest research project, headed by the United States Army Corp of Engineers in the borough of New York City, soon escalated into the largest and most expensive operation the country had ever performed. With a cost of over two billion dollars what was to become known as the Manhattan Project employed tens of thousands of people who lived and worked in three top-secret locations. The project consisted of the country’s best and brightest scientists. All of whom were in an urgent race against their German counter-parts. With World War II raging in Europe everyone involved was acutely aware that the ruthless dictator Hitler would not stop until his scientists had created the worst weapon the world had ever seen. A weapon of mass destruction. And so, in order to defeat Germany and save millions of lives the Manhattan Project scientists strove to win the race to build the world’s first atomic bomb. In 1938 German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz S trassmann were bombarding uranium with neutrons and discovering that they were left with the new substance barium. They did not quite understand why this was occurring and corresponded with their colleague Lise Meitner. Meitner was able to form an explanation by taking into consideration the earlier discoveries of physicists Neils Bohr and Albert Einstein. According to the Berkeley Nuclear Research Center, she concluded that â€Å"uranium nuclei had split to form barium and krypton, accompanied by theShow MoreRelatedThe World s First Atomic Bomb1939 Words   |  8 PagesPresident Harry S. Truman of the United States once said, â€Å"There is nothing new in the world except the history you do not know.† Over the course of WWII, the United States made developments on a new innovation and project, and it is undeniable that on August 6, 1945, they made history of what was once the unknown. 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Innovative Business Model Canvas System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Innovative Business Model Canvas System. Answer: Introduction My team has planned to start a business, in which we will open an ad agency, named Unique Advertisers or unique idea is advertising on houses. It will give opportunity to the people to get their dream houses without even paying the full amount for the house. All they will be required to let us advertise on the entire house in return we will pay half of the price of the house. This unique idea has been designed for the business plan of the advertising agency situated in Melbourne Australia. Since the industry has filled with companies constantly coming up with new and innovative ideas, we have decided that with the help of this innovative and creative technique we will be market leaders, it would grab the attention of the people who would be visiting the house of the person who has given his house to the advertisers. To emerge as an innovator in the market and grab the attention of big multinational companies Increase the business of the company by 35 percent in next three years Capture the market share up to 15 percent in the next three years Payback period of less than 3 years Many people cannot own their dream houses because they do not have enough money. Our mission is to fulfill the dreams of people who want to own a beautiful house. Our team wants to bring a new idea in the market that has not been used before. Our vision is to grow the business by 35 percent for which we need to get big deals with the help of innovative ideas. In the coming years we want to be the market leaders and so we have proposed this particular plan. Our focus will be on sustainability and not short term profits. The mainstream methods of advertising will not be sufficient for sustainability in the market. Business Model Canvas Key partners The people who would offer their houses for advertisement IT infrastructure and cloud providers Creative IT communities Key activities Looking for people for prospects Advertisement design strategic planning Financing the house of the people Value Proposition Fulfilling the dreams of the people who want to buy their dream house Paying the partial price of the house Customer relationships Innovative ideas of advertising will help in gaining getting more business and the enterprises will Customer Segments Big and medium enterprise PR advertising agencies Key Resources Houses House loans Funds Human resources Channels Offline word of mouth Online web social media Cost Structure Staff salary Paying the bills of the houses IT infrastructure Revenue streaming Project fee retainer fee Key Partners- The key partners of the business would be people who would be offering their houses to advertising agencies. IT companies who would design the ads. Financing companies or financial institutions that provide housing loans Key activities- Our advertising company will search the prospective people who want to buy houses and propose their plan to those people. For people who are going to buy houses we will pay 50 percent of of the price of the house. Those who already own a house will be paid a monthly amount that will be a part of the profits earned by the companies (Nykiel 2016). Our company will create value by supporting people who want to buy houses but due to financial conditions, they are unable to buy a house of a dream. For those who already have bought houses will get paid for not doing anything just inviting as many people as possible. The owner of the house will have to organize parties more often and invite many people in to the house the ad agency will give a funds for the people for organizing parties two or three times in a month. Cost structure- The cost will mainly be involved in providing finance for the house, paying salaries to the staffs, running campaigns, price paid for organizing parties. Cost involved in planning and designing the advertisements. Huge costs are involved in putting advertisements in houses. Revenue generation- Revenue will be generated through the advertisements and the various projects of the company. The enterprises will pay retainers fee to the advertisement agency (Lovelock and Patterson 2015). The customers will be small and medium enterprises who will hire the advertisement agencies. The other segment of the customer would be the PR agencies who would hire the advertising agency for promotional activities and press releases (Kotler et al 2014). Customer relationships Our ad house, unique advertisers will be maintaining customer relationship by providing innovative ideas to our clients and winning their trust. We will create a good will in the market by providing houses to people those who cannot have one. This good will and brand image will help us to have good customer relationship. We will also focus on the CRM so that we can retain customers for long. Their main motive is sustainability and therefore they will focus much on the quality (Armstrong et al. 2015). The two main channels of this business are offline word of mouth that will be done by the guests who would be visiting the house and the online social media, like facebook, instagram and twitter (Andrews and Shimp 2017). The resources that would be required for this business will be mainly houses, used for advertisements, housing loans, funds, require for designing advertisements. Many ad agencies are working presently to design and make advertisements of the business enterprises who hire them. The ad making industry y is a huge industry and the market share of this industry in Melbourne is 25 percent. Although no particular, company is the market leader because all the companies enjoy the same position in the market. Australian market achieved a strong growth rate of 7.4% in 2016 than it was expected and it was predicted that market has scope to expand by 6.3% in the 2017 (Jooste and Strydom 2014). Presently the market is not in its full capacity as most of the companies in this industry follow the same methods of advertising and innovation is very little in this industry. The customers of the advertising market are the small and medium enterprises and the PR agencies. They hire the advertising house for having advertising their enterprises (Thorson and Moore 2013). The PR agencies take the help of the organization for promotion of companies that hire them. The customers now get the advertisement services from different advertising companies in Australia. The factors that can affect the business idea and hinder the business are, lack of financial resources, improper planning of the idea, and inadequate IT infrastructure for the business idea. The company might find it difficult to find the prospects. The business might be having difficulty in taking housing loans from the banks and financial institutions. Legal obligations required in housing loans and setting up a business. Un ique advertisers are expecting to capture a market share of 15 percent (Hollensen 2015). Technical feasibility The option for development of the technology would be Customer. The services will be produced in house. The option used for sales and distribution would be In House. The advertising services are very old business where the advertising agencies are hired for raising advertisement campaigns. The Unique advertisers as their name suggests are unique because of the idea they have generated for their business. They have chosen to advertise on houses. The houses would be entirely new or it can be old, it would have advertisements of the various companies that have hired Unique Advertisers for raising advertisement campaigns. The houses will also be used for carrying out the press releases and public events. This will be applicable for big houses. So press related media and IT set up will have to be arranged (Finch 2016). The technology for advertising can be developed by using three-dimensional graphic designs are used in the advertisements on the wall. The advertising house will develop the technical skills of the employees. The main resource of the company is the houses of the people. The houses will be designed in a way that the advertisements can be displayed in the windowpanes. The windowpanes of selected houses of those prospects whose guests are affluent and doors will have LED screens (Eusebio 2017). The laws related the businesses are Australian consumer law, fair trading laws and Australian policy and regulation for digital advertising. The owners will have to register their business. They should have the registration certification. Unique advertisers will save make sure that they would focus on conservation on energy resources. They will not any such colors or paints that might cause harm to the environment (Dudin et al. 2015). Financial feasibility The revenue for the first year would be $60, 000 the revenue for second year is $40, 000 and the projected revenue for third year $80, 000. The projected volume in units sold is 30 units and the projected volume in dollars would be at at the rate of 1000 dollars per unit would be 30*2000= 60,000 dollars. Projected volume in units sold in 20 units and projected volume in dollars at the rate of 2000 dollars per unit would be 20*$2000 = 40,000 dollars Projected volume in units sold in the third year is 40 units and volume in dollars at the rate of 2000 dollars per unit would be 40*$2000= 80,000 dollars The expected revenue would be 60,000 dollars. The selling price per advertisement is dollar 2000. The expected revenue for the second year would be $40, 000. The selling for the second year also would be the same, $2000 The startup cost has been set up as $25,000 Profit and loss statement three-year summary Revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Gross sales $ 60,000 $ 40,000 $ 80,000 Less: Sales returns 0.00 0.00 0.00 Net sales: $ 60,000 $ 40,000 $ 80,000 Cost of goods Material cost $ 20, 000 $ 10, 000 $ 20,000 Variable labor 0.00 0.00 0.00 Misc $ 5000 $ 5000 $ 10,000 Less: Ending inventory 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total cost $ 25,000 $ 15,000 $ 30,000 Gross Profit/Loss $ 35,000 $ 25,000 $ 50,000 Controllable expenses Advertising $1000 $5000 $5000 Wages $5000 $5000 $5000 Payroll taxes and benefits $300 $500 $300 Commissions $2000 $3000 $2000 Professional fees $500 $500 $300 Misc 500 500 500 Fixed expenses Permits and Licenses 1000 2000 2000 Interest 0.00 0.00 0.00 Depreciation 0.00 0.00 0.00 Property taxes 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rent 400 400 400 Insurance 200 200 200 Utilities 300 300 300 Total expenses $ 11200 $ 17,400 $ 16,000 Net operating income 23800 7600 34,000 Other gain 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gain/loss on sale of Assets 0.00 0.00 0.00 Interest Income 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total other income 0.00 0.00 0.00 Net income $ 23,800 $ 7600 $ 34,000 (Created by Author) As per the profit and loss statement, in the first year the net income earned is dollar 23,800, in the second year the income earned is dollar 7,600 is very less and in the third year the income is 34,000 dollars. The possible sources of finances could be bank loans, investors and creditors. The payback period has been estimated as 2 years. Gross Margin 20 - 30% plus Net Profit Margin more than 10 to 15% Return on Investment more than 10% plus Payback - 3 years or less Break even - 2 years or less (Wood 2014). Human resource capabilities Employees will be hired who would be trained for making innovative advertisements with proper designs and messages that would be appropriate for advertisements in the houses. Technical experts will guide the employees so that they can design the most beautiful advertisements in the houses, which would be attractive for the guests who would be visiting the house. In the beginning, the business would require at least 100 employees who would be carrying out activities like, designing of the advertisements. In the second year of the business, the company would be increasing the number of employees to 200 so that the business can be expanded. In the third year of the business 50 employees will be hired so that as many houses can be targeted for putting advertisements. The owner is planning to capture the market share of 15 percent in the coming five years. The company is planning to grow its business by searching prospects who want to buy houses in the busy market areas or who already hav e owned houses in the busy market areas of the city (McKeever 2016). Conclusion Our team, Unique Advertisers has come up with a unique idea of advertisements in the houses. Our idea will help people to buy their dream houses but for the financial constraints, they cannot. This idea will give them opportunity to own a house of their choice but only at the half price of the house. The people who already own a house and want to a good deal of money can also join this plan all they will be required to do is just let Unique advertisers put advertisements in the walls, doors and window panes of the houses. They will have to organize parties and encourage more people to visit the house so that the objective of marketing communication is achieved. This idea will help the company gain many corporate clients, the customers will be the enterprises it can be small or medium and the PR agencies. The company expects to have a profit within a span of three years. This is a huge business and hence the cost estimated for the business is 50,000 dollars because unique advertisers in order to carry out this business needs to pay the partial price of the houses or people already having houses will have to be a part of the monthly profit as their salaries. References Andrews, J.C. and Shimp, T.A., 2017.Advertising, promotion, and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Nelson Education. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Dudin, M.N., Kucuri, G.N., Fedorova, I.J.E., Dzusova, S.S. and Namitulina, A.Z., 2015. The innovative business model canvas in the system of effective budgeting. Eusebio, R., 2017. Marketing II.Marketing, p.2018. Finch, B., 2016.How to write a business plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jooste, C. and Strydom, J.W., 2014. Marketing management. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Brady, M., Goodman, M. and Hansen, T., 2016.Marketing management. Pearson Education Ltd.. Lovelock, C. and Patterson, P., 2015.Services marketing. Pearson Australia. McKeever, M., 2016.How to write a business plan. Nolo. Nykiel, R.A., 2016.Marketing Your Business-A Guide to Developing a Strategic Marketing Plan. Thorson, E. and Moore, J. eds., 2013.Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press. Wood, M.B., 2014.The marketing plan handbook. Pearson.

Critical Review of Chapter 1 and 2 of the book Globalization A Very Short Introduction, by Manfred B. Steger

The Importance of Life - Our Town.

The Importance of Life - Our Town. There are many phrases that are used today to reference the shortage of time or the importance of life. Carpe diem (seize the day), which is a Latin phrase that has become part of the English language urges people to live for the moment. But no matter how often individuals hear these phrases, they seldom listen. Mankind likes to believe that we control our fate. We position ourselves in what we believe are the most optimal places in our lives. Time on Earth is a gift and an irreplaceable resource that is ours to use as we see fit. The hustle and bustle of everyday life makes us blind of its true value. The play Our Town by Thornton Wilder makes reference to these points as the main theme of the play. When Emily Webb asks the Stage manager, "Do any human beings ever realize life while they live it, every, every minute (Wilder)?" The play forces you to reference all of the times that things were too busy, and you did not stop to enjoy the little things in life.English: Photograph of Am erican author Thornton Wi...Throughout the play there are many examples of characters not realizing the importance of life. Our Town is a prime example of how American playwrights used expressionism and symbolism to try to change people's perceptions of life (Haberman 2-3). The main theme of Our Town is that people should appreciate life while they are living it. The author allows the audience to see that ordinary uneventful activities are important.Our Town is presented in three acts. Each act sends a different message. Act one, "Daily Life," shows what the town looks like. This act gives information from the past, lays out the town's structure, and sets up significant events in the town. As this act is played out, the...

Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers - Essay Example a. a sprint by an Olympic runner b. a long, relaxing swim c. throwing a baseball d. weight training 4. The velocity of blood flow decreases when   a. Viscosity increases. b. Blood pressure increases. c. Vessel radius increases. d. Afterload increases. e. vasomotion decreases 5. The ability to see color is the due to a. rods b. cones c. rhodopsin d. Both A and C e. Both B and C 6. Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following the pathway:   a. cochlear duct ? spiral organ ? ossicles ? oval window ? auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? fibers of cochlear nerve b. auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? oval window ? cochlear duct ? ossicles ? spiral organ ? fibers of cochlear nerve c. cochlear duct ? oval window ? auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? ossicles ? spiral organ ? fibers of cochlear nerve d. tympanic membrane ? auditory canal ? ossicles ? oval window ? cochlear duct ? spiral organ ? fibers of cochlear nerve e. auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? ossicles ? ova l window ? cochlear duct ? spiral organ ? fibers of cochlear nerve 7. Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by   a. Breathing. b. Gravity. c. Valves contracting and relaxing. d. Osmotic gradients. e. Pressure gradients. 8. Rank the following steps in order (2 pts). ___4_ Myosin heads bind to actin forming a cross-bridge.

Review performance about "Next to the Normal" Essay

Review performance about "Next to the Normal" - Essay Example Next to Normal takes one through an exhilarating journey of laughter and sorrow as one relates with the challenges of the actors (Brantley, 2009). Diana Goodman is a loving wife and mother who want the best out of her largely dysfunctional family. Their struggles typify the normal suburban neighborhood in an emotional manner, and the actors punctuate this with periodic musical breaks. In addition, Goodman has bipolar disorder, a form of mental illness, which affects the normal functioning of her already disunited family. The plot also explores Natalie’s drug abuse and her isolation from the family. The music and stage decoration is perfect. Through a lively pop/rock score, this intensely moving piece of theatre offers a breathtaking opportunity for the actors to investigate dramatic material and highlight their vocal talents. The timing of the lighting effects is in lieu with the message in the storyline and depicts the right emotion. As the musical starts, the lights go off and reveal Diana Goodman sitting alone, pondering about her future. Similarly, as the musical ends, Natalie, the daughter, walks in and turns on the light when he finds his father seated in darkness. She turns on all the lights in the house and reveals Diana who is visibly hurt, but happy to be alive. Apart from the lighting, the scenic and sound design augments the direction and mood of the musical performed on a three-story set that doubles as a doctor’s office, residence, and school. The actors and actresses do an excellent job in their performance. This is fortified by the numerous applauds and awards the musical has won as it endears itself to the public. Drama Desk Awards awarded Alice Ripley for Outstanding Actress in the musical. Of the eleven nominations in the 2009 Tony Awards, the musical won three, including Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for Alice Ripley. Similarly, Aaron Tveit won Most Promising

Essay Writing In Malaysian Schools

Essay Writing In Malaysian Schools Essay writing is a must for Malaysian secondary schools students. There are few types of essays that the students need to master. Guided writing, summary writing and continuous writing are the three main types of essay that are tested in examination. These three different types of writing test students ability to understand and use correct grammar, to apply language skills for interpersonal purposes, to apply language skills for informational purposes, and to apply language skills for aesthetic purposes (Malaysian Examinations Syndicate, 2004). Students have to excel in these three types of writing to be able to apply it in real life situation. Students are assessed on their writing skills in school tests as well as in the national standardized test. Different methods of assessment are used in evaluating students essays. At different levels and tests, there will be at least a minor difference in the method of assessing. In Malaysia secondary school, teachers are not given any specific guides to assess students written works. They assess according to their own methods and experiences. Many methods can be used for assessing students essays. Every method has its own specific guidance and teachers can use them based on their needs and students performance. For example, holistic scoring method is used to assess students essays in a generalized way that is to look at their works as a whole piece without analyzing it in details. Any method is analytic scoring method where teachers look at students performance in details. Both methods can be applied by teachers in classroom- based assessment. In this study, only two methods of essay scoring will be discussed which are mentioned above. Holistic and analytic scoring methods are very different and unique in their own way. Therefore, it is important that teachers know how to use both of them in assessing students essays. The subjects that will be chosen for this study are English teachers in secondary schools in Malaysia. They will be investigated on the ways they use to assess their students essay. A few students from their class will also be chosen to give feedbacks about their teachers assessment. 1.2 Statement of Problem Students essays are marked without a standard scale in Malaysian secondary schools. Teachers score their students based on what they think is good for them. They use mostly holistic scoring method which might not be fair to students (Bloom, Daiker White). The ministry of education might be responsible for what had happened. Teachers mark students essays according to what the ministry suggests. Holistic scoring method has long been implemented in schools. Is it the best method for teachers and students? Some problems have occurred with this method because it is not specific enough. It might also create biasness in the case where students are close to their teachers. This method views the essay as a whole without further analysis on each component. While analytic scoring method views the essay in a more specific way, it provides details for students to be able to know what is lacking in their essays. Analytic scoring method uses a rubric as a standard scale to mark essays. Analytic scoring method is regarded as requiring more work and is expensive while holistic scoring method is considered cheaper and more efficient. Holistic scoring method provides less information to students than analytic soring method. Each of the methods has their own advantages but there should be one method that is more suitable for essay scoring. 1.3 Purpose of the Study This study is aimed at investigating the use of holistic scoring method and analytic rubrics in essay scoring among teachers of Malaysian secondary school. This study is also aimed at discovering the relationship between the two methods. Another goal of this study is to find out how analytic scoring method can be applied in Malaysian secondary schools. 1.4 Significance of the Study Methods of essay scoring have been discussed by many experts all around the globe. It is important in a sense that it reflects students ability in writing essay. The wrong method used to mark their essays will cause their performance to drop. How students write essays, sometimes depend on how the teachers mark their essay. There is a vital connection between the two. Basically, Malaysian secondary schools teachers mark students essay according to what they believe is correct and suitable for their students and the method they use can be considered as holistic scoring method. It is very important that they know a method in specific so that they can mark students essay in details. With this study, it is hope that teachers will realized that analytic scoring method is a more suitable method to be used in essay scoring as it will enhance students writing skills precisely and increase the quality of their essays. 1.5 Research Questions The research questions for this study are as follows: How is holistic scoring method used in marking students essays? How are analytic scoring rubrics used in marking students essays? Why is the holistic scoring method mostly used in school? Why is the analytic scoring rubric rarely used for marking essays in school? How far is it possible to integrate analytic scoring rubric in the curriculum of Malaysian secondary school? CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction According to Normah Othman (2006), there is no specific scoring strategy implemented specially for a classroom-based assessment of direct writing in Malaysian secondary schools. As it is now, ESL teachers currently use a scoring method adopted from the Malaysian Examinations Syndicate. Therefore, teachers can choose to use analytic or holistic scoring. But most of the teachers use holistic scoring in Malaysian Secondary context. Below are the researches done at different countries on analytic and holistic scoring method. According to Alharby (2006), studies addressing issues related to performance assessment seem to be taking two relatively different directions. One if it is to search for the best scoring method that maximizes reliability and validity of assessment. This is usually accomplished by comparing two of the most popular scoring methods used with performance assessment, the holistic scoring method vs. the analytic scoring method. According to him again, the holistic scoring method is usually used with large scale assessment because it is less time consuming than the analytic method; the latter often producing a very large number of responses that need to be evaluated in a short period of time. The analytic scoring method, on the other hand, is usually used with classroom assessments because it provides more detailed feedback on students learning progress for teachers, students, and parents than does the holistic scoring method. In this research paper, the two essay scoring methods will be f ocused on in Malaysian secondary school context. Moon and Callahan (2001) reported that performance assessments have become more popular within classroom assessments for the last two decades. Methods used in performance assessment are analytic and holistic scoring methods. This two types of scoring methods have been concerned by many researches regarding issues such as its reliability (Parkers, Zimmaro, Zappe, Suen, 1998), validity (Kane, Crooks Cohen, 1999), cost (Picus, 1994), and practicality (Baker Aschbacher, 1992). In this research paper, all the mentioned issues will only be dealt as general factors that affect teachers of English in Malaysian secondary context in choosing essay scoring method. Waltman, Kahn Koency (1998) found that the way raters score individual responses affect reliability as well as the validity of an assessment. The two most common ways to score individual responses such as essays written by students are the holistic scoring method and the analytic scoring method. According to Clauser (2000), analytic scoring method is recommended for simple tasks such as tasks to evaluate students ability in spelling and grammar usage. On the other hand, Clauser recommends the holistic scoring method when the tasks are more complicated such as evaluating the adequacy of a haiku. According to Charney (1984), the holistic scoring method tends to be favored by large scale assessment with numerous examinees because it is less time consuming. In contrast, Vacc (1989) claimed that the analytic scoring method tends to be favored by classroom assessment because of the detailed feedback it offers to teachers, students, and their parents in terms of how students performed on t he assessment. Holistic Scoring Method The holistic scoring method was first introduced in 1960s and was known as the general impression scoring method (Hunter, 1996). Similarly, Ojeda (2004) stated that the holistic scoring approach is an approach where graders read to evaluate an essay as a whole-without focusing on or overemphasizing any one particular part or aspect. It started to become popular in the middle of the 70s (Boring, 2002). Huot (1990) pointed out that the holistic scoring method is a technique in which raters are asked to evaluate individual responses as a whole by their first impression without going to specific possible subdomains of the trait being tested. Klein et al. (1998, p.122) stated that this approach [holistic scoring method] is usually most appropriate when the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, that is when scores need to be sensitive to general features of answer quality, such as organization, style, and persuasiveness. In recent year, the holistic scoring method has become even mor e popular, especially with large scale assessments. In Malaysian secondary schools, this method is widely used. Besides that, many researchers have also tried to define holistic scoring approach. White (1984, 1985) defined holistic scoring as a global approach to texts, reflecting the idea that a written text is a single entity. White (1984, 1985) maintained that holistic scoring is preferable because it more closely simulates the impression a reader the meaning of the text as a whole rather than focus on individual features of the writing, such as grammar. White (1985), Weigle (2002), and Hyland (2002) describe holistic scoring as involving carefully selected and experienced raters who use their skilled impressions to give a paper a single, integrated score that is supposed to represent the writers overall writing ability. Powills, Bowers, and Conlan (1979) explained that this holistic approach to scoring essays is an attempt to evaluate wholes rather than parts so that performance on one facet does not determine the judgment of performance on the whole. Different researchers have identified different reasons for the increase of the holistic scoring methods popularity. Some think that it is because the holistic scoring method is the most direct assessment technique (Cooper, 1997); while others think that the reason is that the holistic scoring method is the most economical, flexible and applicable assessment (Huot, 1990; Veal Hudson, 1983). As for White (2004), he pointed out that despite disagreements that arise about the scorings of some papers; this has become the standard way of scoring gatekeeping writing tests in large-scale writing assessments. Findings by Coffman (1968), Freedman (1979), and Breland and Jones (1984) supported that holistic scoring helps focus raters on meaning, showing that holistic raters of essay writing ability seem to attend more to content features than to mechanics and sentence structure. One potential advantage of holistic scoring methods in the assessment of second language writing ability is that they are more practical. Godshalk, Swineford, and Coffman, (1966), Alloway (1978), and Powills, Bowers, and Conlan (1979) all found holistic scoring methods to be more efficient than analytic scoring methods, particularly for large-scale exams, noting the advantages of such an approach in saving time and money. Furthermore, Smith, Winters-Edys, Quellmalz, and Baker (1980) estimated that holistic scoring takes approximately two-thirds the time of analytic scoring. Although holistic scoring method is widely accepted as the most appropriate tool for this purpose, many writing practitioners and administrators reportedly view the holistic technique with reservation (Enginarlar, 1991, p. 39). Hamp-Lyons (1996, p. 234) objects to the single point score resulting from holistic grading, which she claims obscures a pattern of consistent overemphasis or underemphasis on basic language control. Another claim is that a higher share of midlevel papers seem to end up with split scores-scores 2 points apart that must be resolved by a third grader-so holistic scoring may be less effective for evaluating midlevel performances than an analytic method might be (Elbow, 1996b). According to East (2009), the strength of holistic scoring lies in its practicality, which in large-scale testing contexts is an important consideration. Besides that, Vaughan (1991) argues that researchers looking at holistic assessment have often assumed that given a scale that describes the characteristics of an essay at each level, trained raters will assess the essays in the same way every time (p.112). Despite all the strength of holistic scoring, Prior research has established that there are some problems with holistic scoring method. Charney (1984) speculates that scores in holistic readings are based on superficial features, such as handwriting, essay length, word choice and spelling errors. This is in accord with Stewart and Grobe (1979), who concluded that raters were primarily influenced by essay length and freedom from simple mechanical errors (p. 214). Diederich, French, and Carlton (1961) found that judgments made by essay raters under holistic scoring conditions were unreliable. They recommended that considerable effort should be done to establish and maintain reliable ratings. Diederich (1974) claimed that until holistic scoring procedures were refined, the score an essay received could depend more on who the rater was than on any qualities of the text itself. Charney (1984), Gere (1980), and Odell and Cooper (1980) also questioned the premises on which certain conclusions about the reliability of holistic scoring have been based. Charney observed that the way holistic raters read texts may create an unnatural reading environment in which scores might only reflect agreement on salient but superficial features of writing, such as the quality of the handwriting or the presence of spelling errors. According to Hamp-Lyons (1995), English as Second Language writers have a special need for scoring procedures that go beyond just the assign of a single score because one score does not allow raters to distinguish between various aspects of writing, such as language control, range of vocabulary, or organizational control. Hamp-Lyons also pointed out that it is problematic for second language (L2) writers since different aspects of writing ability seem to develop at different rates for different writers. Some writers may be strong in expressing content and organization, but limited in grammatical accuracy; others may have excellent language control at the sentence level, but be unable to organize their writing. All the aspects mentioned by Hamp-Lyons should be taken into consideration when teachers of English in Malaysian secondary schools score an essay. Additionally, holistic scores are not easy to interpret because raters do not necessarily use the same criteria to arrive at the same scores. One rater may assign a score to a writing sample based on content and organization, while another rater assigns the same score on the basis of language control (grammar) and vocabulary. Charney (1984) noted that time constraints affect raters depth of processing. When spending only two minutes on a paper, a rater may assign a score that only reflects agreement on salient but superficial features of writing, such as the quality of the handwriting or the presence of spelling errors (p. 78). In another study, Arthur (1979) found that the holistic rankings of second language learners (L2) essays written by lower-intermediate adult learners were related to frequency of spelling and grammar errors, and that the best predictor of rating was the length of composition. In addition, Raforth and Rubin (1984) found that college instructors perceptions of composition quality were most influenced by mechanics. A single holistic score assigned to a writing sample may thus represent different aspects of writing ability for different raters. In holistic rating of L2 writing samples, a significantly larger amount of inconsistent textual information must be processed in a limited amount of time, which may affect the ratings. Several studies have suggested that a quick holistic read of an L2 writing sample may not allow the rater the time necessary to accurately assess the writing performance. Huot (1993) noted that when the rater is required to read a text so quickly for a limited set of criteria outlined in a scoring rubric, the need for agreement may hinder a rich, personal response to the text, thus affecting the consistency of the scores. Hamp- Lyons (2003) has cautioned that it is difficult to accurately capture the criteria used by raters during the quick read of a holistic scoring. Apart from that, Grobe (1981) concluded from an analysis of essays and correlation with holistically obtained scores that teachers see good writing as being closely associated with vocabulary diversity (p. 85). Sakyi (2001) supports Grobes view that raters decisions on awarding scores are significantly influenced by vocabulary diversity and the extent of grammatical error, but also by the range and sophistication of syntax and the style or format of the writing. Sakyi also notes from his own research that for raters who made a conscious effort to follow the scoring guide, the restrictions imposed on them to assign a single score at the end caused them to depend mostly on only one or two particular features to distinguish between different levels of ability (p. 129). Analytic Scoring Method The analytic scoring method was introduced at the same time as the holistic scoring method (Boring, 2002). Hunter (1996) explained that for the analytic scoring method, the domain being tested is subdivided to smaller subdomains. Each of these subdomains is then evaluated by itself. The sum of these subdomains would, by default, reproduce the whole. Proponents of analytic scoring methods (Jacobs, Zinkgraf, Wormuth, Hartfiel, Hughey, 1981; Hamp-Lyons, 1990; Huot, 1993; Weigle, 1999) have found several advantages to this method of scoring. One of the advantages is with multiple scores; analytic scoring schemes provide more information about a test takers performance than holistic scoring schemes and permit a profile of the areas of writing ability. Analytic scoring methods can provide specific feedback, which is needed in measuring achievement, predicting future success, and accurately placing students (Shaw, 2002; Bacha 2001), as well as providing useful diagnostic feedback on writing performance (Jacobs, et al., 1981; Hamp-Lyons, 1991; Cohen, 1994). In the assessment of L2 writing ability, analytic scales are very useful if a students writing ability is developing at differing rates for situation such as when vocabulary is good, but organizational control is lacking. Hamp-Lyons (1991), Huot (1996) and Weigle (2002) have suggested that analytic-type scales are generally more reliable than holistic-type scales since each candidate gets more than one score, and multiple scores contribute to reliability. Regarding intra-rater reliability, some research has suggested that analytic scoring is more useful than holistic in training inexperienced raters. It is argued that the raters can more easily interpret and apply the scoring criteria in separate domains than the criteria as described in one holistic rubric (Francis, 1977, and Adams, 1981, both cited in Weir (1990); Hartog, Rhodes, Burt, 1936; Cast, 1939; Bauer, 1981; and Weigle, 1998). Cumming (1990) suggested that an analytical scale tends to reflect what raters do when rating samples of writing or other language performance that is consider the individual features of writing one by one. According to Vacc (1989), the analytic technique is preferred over the holistic scoring method when detailed feedback is needed, especially with classroom assessments. Another reason to use analytic scoring method is that it has been argued that training raters to use analytic scoring rubrics is relatively easier than training them to use holistic scoring rubrics (Cohen, 1994; McNamara, 1996). According to Boring (2002), one advantage of the analytic scoring method over the holistic scoring method is that with the analytic technique, it is possible to give various weights to different subdomains based on their theoretical importance. In addition, Kroll (1990) described that it can help meet the need that many ESL learners who fail writing tests have, for feedback on both the deficiencies and the qualities in their writing (Kroll, 1990). There are, however, a number of disadvantages to using an analytic scoring scheme for the assessment of direct writing samples. The primary concern regarding analytic scoring is practicality. As Weigle (2002) pointed out, it generally takes longer to score a writing sample using an analytic rubric since the rater must make multiple decisions for each writing sample and thus must read the sample multiple times. Some critics doubt whether writing ability can be measured by a composite score based on different aspects of writing. White (1985) argued that writing is more than the sum of its parts, and that the use of an analytic scoring scheme may in effect divert attention from overall essay effect. Weigle (1999) noted information is lost when raters revise their scores on the different scales once they consider the single composite score. Raters may also tend to rate holistically rather than analytically so that the rater ends up assigning a writing sample the same score in every domain (Cohen, 1994). An additional problem with analytic scoring and rater bias surfaced in Cummings (1990) descriptive analysis of raters comments. Cumming (1990) also found that both novice and expert raters tended to analytically evaluate ESL compositions on both language control and writing ability, implicitly attributing separate values to each of these domains. Hamp-Lyons (1989) noted another potential problem in the reliability of analytic scoring schemes in that an analytic scoring method may favor essays where performance criteria are easily and quickly extracted from the writing sample. While an analytic scoring method offers the potential of additional information regarding the students L2 writing ability, there are potential problems of reliability and validity derived from the scoring procedures. Conclusion All the researches had shown that the method used by teachers in assessing students essay will definitely have an impact on students writing skills and ability. It is very vital to use the correct method so that students will improve their performance. From all the researches also, it can be concluded that most of them focus on the reliability, validity and practicality of the two scoring methods from many perspective. There is very few or none research is done on the teachers point of view on the two methods. In this research paper, the teachers opinions will be concern as much as possible. 2.2 Definition of terms Holistic scoring method is a method which teachers use to evaluate a piece of students writing for its overall quality. It is a method used in essay scoring whereby a single mark is awarded to an essay from a range of marks categorized in different performance bands in which each band is characterized by descriptors based on the total impression of the essay as a whole. It is widely used in Malaysian schools to mark essays in school-based and public examinations. Analytic scoring method is a method that teachers use to assess students written works more specifically and in detail. It is usually based on a well structured rubric where all the components that need to be assessed are stated out clearly and in detail. This method views an essay in as technical a manner as possible. It is not a common method used in Malaysian secondary schools. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The first purpose of this study is to investigate the use of holistic scoring method and analytic rubrics in essay scoring among teachers of Malaysian secondary schools. This study is also aimed at discovering the relationship between the two methods. Another goal of this study is to find out how analytic scoring method can be applied in Malaysian secondary school. As for the research questions in this study, the first one is how holistic scoring method is used in marking students essays. The second question is how analytic scoring rubrics are used in marking students essays. The third question is why holistic scoring method is mostly used in school. The fourth question is why analytic scoring rubric is rarely used in marking school essays. The last question is how possible is it for analytic scoring rubric to be integrated in the curriculum of Malaysian secondary school. To fulfill the purpose and research questions for this study, only one method is used. Fifty survey questionnaires were distributed. 3.2 Population and sampling The population chosen for this study was teachers of English from Malaysian secondary schools. The population was selected randomly. There was no distinction between gender and races. Fifty teachers from different schools were given the questionnaire. Six schools were chosen to answer the questionnaires. All the teachers chosen to answer questionnaire were teachers of English. All the schools chosen are selected randomly to ensure that there is no bias. 3.3 Instrumentation The instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of 5 sections. The survey is constructed in 5 sections to answer all the research questions. A copy of the survey is attached to appendix A. 3.4 Procedure and time frame This research took about 6 weeks to complete. It started during the 6th week and ended in the 12th week of the semester. During this period of time, the researcher went to six Malaysian secondary schools to give out the questionnaire. First of all, the researcher identified the schools that are suitable for the study. Schools that have at least 8 teachers of English were selected. Secondly, the researcher went to the schools and met with the principal of each school. The researcher asked permission from the principal to give out the questionnaires. Almost all the schools asked the researcher to leave the questionnaires there for collection the next week. The researcher left the questionnaires there according to the number of teachers of English in each school. Thirdly, the researcher went back to each school the next week and collected all the completed questionnaires. Some questionnaires were not collected mainly because teachers were busy with examinations. After collecting all the questionnaires, data were analyzed. 3.5 Analysis plan All the data collected from the survey will be analyzed according to research questions. The first and second sections of the questionnaire are to answer the first two research questions on analytic and holistic scoring. These two sections consist of characteristics on both analytic and holistic scoring. The answers respondents have chosen will reveal their scoring method accurately. Item A1 to A3 will be on analytic marking method, while A4 to A6 will be on holistic marking method. The following graph will present the result for each item. Figure 3.1 . The outline of the presentation of result for section A of the questionnaire Where: A1 I use analytic marking method (mark according to specific criterion) A2 I concentrate on one criterion at a time and read the response specifically for that criterion. A3 I read the response and mark errors in spelling, sentence structure and coherence A4 I use holistic marking method (mark essay as a whole) A5 I read the response and give a mark as a whole A6 After the first reading I assign one band score to the response and confirm this after subsequent readings. Another graph will be for section B. The following graph is to summarize the percentage for section B. Figure 3.2. The outline of the presentation of result for section B of the questionnaire Where: B1 Is the marking scheme holistic guide? B2 Is the marking scheme analytic guide? B3 Do you find the marking scheme easy to interpret? B4 Do you find the marking scheme easy to apply? B5 Do you feel the assessment criteria in the marking scheme provide an accurate and fair assessment? B6 Do you think it is necessary to change the current marking scheme? The third section answers the third research question on holistic scoring. This section is to explore the reasons of teachers who use holistic scoring. The fourth section answered the fourth research question on analytic scoring. This section is to explore the reasons of teachers who use analytic scoring. 7 reasons presented in the questionnaires were according to literature review. This is to find out why teachers like to use holistic or analytic scoring. Two graphs as follow will be used to summarize the result. Figure 3.3. The outline of the presentation of result for section C of the questionnaire Where: C1 I like to use it. C2 It is more convenient. C3 It costs less. C4 It saves time. C5 It is reliable. C6 It provides good feedback for students. C7 It is fair. Figure 3.4. The outline of the presentation of result for section D of the questionnaire Where: D1 I like to use it. D2 It is more convenient. D3 It costs less. D4 It saves time. D5 It is reliable. D6 It provides good feedback for students. D7 It is fair. The last section is to examine the possibility of using analytic scoring in Malaysian secondary context. This answered the last research question. This section is on curriculum of Malaysian secondary school and the use of analytic scoring. If teachers are more positive towards using analytic scoring, it suggests that it is possible to use. The graph used to analyze the result is as follows. Figure 3.5. The outline of the presentation of result for section E of the questionnaire Where: E1 It is possible to mark students essays based on specific features and criterion in school E2 I think that teachers are willing to use analytic scoring rubric in school E3 Analytic scoring rubric is suita

Can We Have Free Trade and Reduce Pollution of the Environment? Essay

Can We Have Free Trade and Protect the Environment?    Endorsing free trade is easy. Ask an Economics professor why free trade is good and you will surely   be shown a graph with three or more intersecting lines that show a higher rate of output for nations that participate in free trade than nations that do not. Opposing free trade, at least on economic grounds, is a bit harder-unless you are an environmentalist.    The economic advantages of free trade were recently brought to light at the meeting of North and South American nations in Quebec City last month to discuss the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The proposed agreement would reduce tariff barriers on everything from textiles to foreign direct investment between virtually all nations of the Americas. In essence, FTAA is an expansion of NAFTA-a really, really big expansion.    As with NAFTA, the obvious consequence of the FTAA is greater access to U.S. and foreign markets (which is good for growth), increased incentives for foreign direct investment (which is good for growth), and higher capital availability for developing nations. Unfortunately, growth is not the only story. This is partly why the Quebec summit garnered tens of thousands of protestors outside a meeting hall with only 34 delegates.    Economists are notorious for leaving out environmental costs when evaluating the benefits of free trade. The FTAA appears to be no exception. Unfortunately, the FTAA resembles NAFTA in a number of aspects that could devastate environmental protection laws in developing countries, which are not only important for the environment, but for growth as well.    NAFTA, like ot... ...on policy and investment should be sensitive to the inclusion of competitiveness safeguards for states with existing environmental regulations, and should ensure the promotion of sustainable development measures among all participants. Finally, a dispute settlement mechanism that recognizes the right of participating states to adopt new and more stringent environmental protections that apply to domestic as well as foreign producers should be established.    Economists have long recognized the benefits of free trade and this author is no exception. A substantially revised FTAA agreement that corrects the environmental failures of NAFTA will not only produce an economically superior future for the western hemisphere, but one that includes clean air, clean water, and an overall higher standard of living for the western hemisphere.   

Analyse Conan Doyle’s The Hound of the Baskervilles Essay

These two findings are very important as they provide the reader with shocking information. This is because we discover that Mr and Mrs â€Å"Stapleton† are actually husband and wife. Even more we realise that Mr and Mrs â€Å"Stapleton† are actually the Vandeleurs. As a result of this great deception the finger points to Mr and Mrs Stapleton as being the murderers. This information is the most vital information which will help to solve the mystery. There are points in the novel where events simply provide Watson and Holmes with information. The events which provide information are almost always false leads which create a sense of uncertainty as to who is the criminal. â€Å"Go back to London! Start tonight!†¦ Hush my brother is coming! † chapter 7 This quote is said by Miss. Stapleton to Dr. Watson as she mistakes him for Sir Henry. This prompts Watson to investigate further into the Stapletons as it is very mysterious as to why she would like Sir Henry to go back to London. This is because she doesn’t want her brother Mr. Stapleton to find out that she has said this and when she discovers that she was actually talking to Watson she takes back her comment. This was actually a false lead as we discover in the later part of the investigation, which was put in by Conan Doyle so the reader is kept in suspense as to whether she had a hand in the death of Sir Charles until the di nouement. Even though there is the interviewing of people in â€Å"THOTB†, they don’t provide their own version of events of the crime. Dr. Mortimer is the only person who really provides Holmes with information of what he thought happened at the murder scene. Conan Doyle has used a different approach to the nature of the investigation because most of the information is gathered behind the scenes or events provide information. By doing this Conan Doyle has made his novel unique and perhaps more interesting than the typical investigation as there is a greater anticipation as to whom the killer could be. Sherlock Holmes fits the profile of a classic detective very well and this is evident in â€Å"THOTB† from the start of the novel. The detective is usually more or less socially isolated and referred to as a â€Å"loner†. We can see this in â€Å"THOTB† from the fact that Holmes only â€Å"socialises† with Watson, but then one could argue that he only socialises with Watson because he enhances his intellect by comparison. Holmes does not have any family and the fact that he rests upon the moor for a lengthy period of time suggests that he is used to being alone. â€Å"I knew that seclusion and solitude were very necessary for my friend in these hours of intense mental concentration in which he weighed every particle of evidence†¦ â€Å"

English-Spanish Basketball Glossary

Since its origins in late-18th-century Massachusetts, basketball has become an international sport. It continues to be dominated by the United States, however, so it shouldnt be surprising that much of the Spanish-language vocabulary of the game comes from English. In fact, even in Spanish-speaking countries, English terms may be understood more readily than their Spanish equivalents. The Spanish vocabulary for the sport developed somewhat independently in various regions, so terms can vary not only between Spain and Latin America, but also between neighboring countries. Even the name of the game isnt uniform throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The vocabulary below represents some of the most common terms used by Spanish speakers, but it shouldnt be considered complete. Basketball Terms In Spanish air ball — el air ballassist (noun) — la asistenciabackboard — el tablerobank shot — el tiro a tablabasket (goal) — el cesto, la canastabasket (score) — la canasta, el encestebasketball (ball) — el balà ³n, la pelotabasketball (game) — el baloncesto, el bà ¡squetbol, el basquetbol, el bà ¡squetbox score — el box score, el sumariocenter — el/la pà ­votcheerleader — la animadora, el animador, el/la cheerleadercoach — el entrenador, la entrenadoracorner — la esquinacourt (playing field) — la pista, la canchadefend — defenderdribble (noun) — el drible, la finta, la bota, el dribblingdribble (verb) — driblardunk (noun) — el mate, el dunkfast break — el ataque rà ¡pido, el contraataqueforward — el/la alerofree throw — el tiro librehalf, quarter (period of play) — el periodo, el perà ­odohook shot — el ganchojump ball — el salto entre dosjump pass — el pase en suspensià ³njump shot — el tiro en suspensià ³nkey — la botella, la zona de tres segundosman-to-man (defense) — (la defensa) hombre a hombre, (la defensa) a hombreoffense — el ataqueovertime — la prà ³rroga, el tiempo aà ±adido, el tiempo extrapass (noun) — el pasepass (verb) — pasarpersonal foul — la falta personalpivot (verb) — pivotearplay (noun, as in three-point play) — la jugada (la jugada de tres puntos)player — el jugador, la jugadora, el/la baloncestistaplayoff — la liguilla, la eliminatoria, el playoffpoint (score) — el puntopoint guard — el/la base, el armador, la armadorapost — el postepower forward — el/la alero fuerte, el/la ala-pà ­votpress (noun) — la presià ³nrebound (noun) — el reboterebound (verb) — rebotarrecord  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  el rà ©cordreferee — el/la à ¡rbitro, el/la refereerookie — el novato, la novata, el/la rookiescreen (noun) — el bloqueoscreen (verb) — bloquearscrimmage — la escaramuzaseason — la temporadaseed, seeded (as in a tournament)  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  la clasificacià ³n, clasificadoshoot — tirarshooting guard — el/la escoltashot — el tiroteam — el equipotechnical foul — la falta tà ©cnicatimeout — el tiempo muertotip-off  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  salto entre dostournament — el torneoturnover — el balà ³n perdido, la pelota perdida, el turnoverwarmup — el calentamientowing — el/la alerozone defense — la defensa en zonazone offense — el ataque zonalzone press — el marcaje en zona Sample Spanish Sentences About Basketball These sentences have been adapted from current online publications to show how Spanish basketball terminology is used in real life. Cuando caigo hago dos movimiento de pivot y luego paso la pelota. (When I fall, I do two pivoting movements and then I pass the ball.)Pà ©rez convirtià ³ una jugada de tres puntos con 18.2 segundos por jugar en el tiempo extra. (Pà ©rez converted a three-point play with 18.2 seconds left in overtime.)Los ganadores de cada regià ³n avanzan a la Final Four. (The winners in each region advance to the Final Four.)Final Four is feminine because the reference is to la ronda Final Four, or the Final Four round.La temporada 2018–19 de la NBA es la septuagà ©simo tercera  temporada de la historia de la competicià ³n. (The 2018–19 season of the NBA is the 73rd season in the history of the competition.)Note that the abbreviation NBA is treated as feminine because asociacià ³n, the word for association, is feminine.El proceso de clasificacià ³n para el torneo de la NCAA consta de los torneos de cada conferencia. (The seeding process for the NCAA tournament is made up of t he tournaments of each conference.)El torneo es de eliminacià ³n directa y no existen partidos de consolacià ³n. (The tournament is single-elimination and there are no consolation games.)Dos tiros libres dieron la victoria a los Bulls. (Two free throws gave the win to the Bulls.)Una falta personal implica un contacto con el adversario mientras el balà ³n està ¡ en juego. (A personal foul involves contact with an opposing player while the ball is in play.)